Simulation Of Inmarsat C Channels Using Matlab

Simulation Of Inmarsat C Channels Using Matlab This report is all about Inmarsat-c channels its standards and simulation of C channels using matlab. The use of satellites for control, command, communications and navigation is an area of high end technology which has grown significantly over the last decade and been primarily dominated by the military. The establishment of mobile satellites is offering services to the public and commercial fleet operators the opportunity to take advantage of these developments. This communication channel implements Global Maritime Distress and Safety System and data transfer functions between INMARSAT-C compatible terminal and a land earth station. Compatible software, installed on embedded system controller is used for simulation of Inmarsat terminal. This controller transfer data to simulated Inmarsat satellite using a wireless transmission network. The satellite functions are implemented into another embedded system controller. This satellite communication controller is linked with Inmarsat ter minal via wireless transmission network and with another land earth station using a secondary wireless channel. The land earth station is software implemented in a PC linked with simulated satellite using a wireless network. This center is able to manage messages received from Inmarsat terminal, via simulated satellite, and convert them into short text messages, automatically delivered to local network workstations, in faxes format or mail messages. The system can be consists as base for a GMDSS simulator. 2. INTRODUCTION Inmarsat is an international organization which works for the satellite system for the support of mobile communication system. Another major function performed by this organization is radio determination services. The organization provides this radio determination service through out the world according to the necessity of certain area in the whole world. The organization was established in 1979 and now comprises 56 member countries and since 1982 it has operated a global network of L-band satellites. These services were earlier provided for ships, then the after certain time passed and new technology grew this service was also provided for the aircraft and now, according to the recent convention the land users of mobile can also get the service throughout the world. In the report software algorithms for the inmarsat C channels modulators and demodulators is discussed. Normally Sophisticated algorithms, including a fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based burst acquisition algorithm, carrier phase tracker, an innovative Doppler tracker, and acquisition symbol synchronizer, are developed and extensively simulated for reliable burst reception. The compact digital signal processor (DSP)-based demodulator hardware uses a unique personal computer test interface for downloading test data files. Inmarsat provides services according to established international standards which enables the mobile to roam and operate throughout the world. But the criterion is the international licensing requirements should be strictly followed in the applicable regions. This thing is very beneficial for the user as the servicing terminal is global and the operating cost could be saved. Another important perspective regarding this service is for manufacturer point of view that manufacturers can build large market and great number of users and the production cost of equipment could be reduced to the minimum extent. The Inmarsat Standards System has placed its foundation stone into the land mobile communications. Equipment is now being produced by many manufacturers throughout the world to technical standards introduced by IMWRSAT. This does not slow up innovative design or applications but ensures that all manufacturers of equipment operate efficiently through the satellites and fixed earth stations which provide access from the mobile to public and private telecommunications networks. Pre-operational services started in 989 in the Atlantic Ocean and are being expanded to the Pacific in the latter part of the year. The system is giving the users and manufacturers and opportunity to experience with the system throughout most of the world prior to full global commercial service which would be used globally at very frequent rate. The actual range of Standard-C facilities includes two ways of storing the messages and forwarding the data messaging as short burst of data. Todays fleet operators are facing increasing competition and a plethora of legislation which regulates their industry. It has therefore become essential that the truck operator be able to maximize the utility of the vehicle and drivers hours while staying within the law. This requires careful real-time fleet management which is an area where recent developments in on-board computer systems, vehicle navigation system, personal computers, reliable mobile telecommunications and fleet management software now provide the operator with the required tools at an affordable price. Throughout the world, truck owners face the same problems in maximizing the earning potential of the vehicle whenever it is on the road. In same countries return loads are not allowed to be carried by foreign vehicles while in others, companies find it difficult to identify potential cargoes. While the former may take time to overcome, the latter is now being addressed in many countries with cargo brokers and clearing houses operating data bases which show what cargoes are available and their destination. With many trucks still being owner operated, services such as these are likely to assume even greater importance as competitive market forces increase. The mergence of reliable navigation and communications systems throughout the world is now making it feasible for the truck operator to implement real-time fleet management solutions which will significantly improve his efficiency and profitability in the 1990s. In particular, the introduction of mobile satellite communications will integrate the truck and office and make the truck an integral part of the companies manageable assets. 3. BASIC DETAILS Satellite is basically any object that revolves around a planet in an elliptical or circular orbit. Natural satellite of earth is moon. Else there are also the manmade artificial satellites orbiting around the earth. These satellites are very help full in resolving many issues and provide great technological benefits for human beings on the earth. The path which a satellite usually follows is called an orbit. In the orbit, the farthest away point from Earth is the apogee, and the closest point is the perigee. Artificial satellites generally are not mass produced. Most satellites are custom built to perform their intended functions. Exceptions include the GPS satellites and the Iridium satellites. Satellites need to have certain ways of communication with Earth. Satellite need to get information and transmit the information it collects. It can relay information sent to it to another site on Earth. This is generally done using some type of antenna. The information is transmitted using radio waves that move at the speed of light, this method allows for very fast communications. All satellites must have a means of storing and analyzing the data collected, and ways of controlling its various systems. The satellite subsystem that completes this role is called telemetry tracking and control. Telemetry Tracking and Control is the main part or central part of the satellite and its operating system. It stores every activity of the satellite and receives information from the ground station, takes care of any general thing the satellite needs to do Telemetry Tracking and Control is made up of three components: Telemetry, Tracking, and Control Every satellite needs a source of power Factors to consider are cost, durability, and effectiveness. Satellites use up a lot of electricity Some possible power sources for satellites include: Solar panels Batteries , Nuclear power and Heat generators 4. INMARSAT Since 1982 INMARSAT has been providing high quality service of direct dial telephony to the maritime community throughout the world, 24 hours a day. In February of this year British Airways began providing similar services to aircraft crossing the North Atlantic. By the end of 1989 aeronautical data and voice services will be available worldwide on many airlines for public calling and airline operational requirements. Following the mobile reallocation of the L-band spectrum in October 1987 an Extraordinary session of the INMRSAT Assembly in January 1989 approved further enhancement to INMRSATs convention to provide land mobile communication services. Now, with the start of pre-operational Standard service, is poised to bring the benefits of satellite communications to all land mobile users throughout the world who have reason to travel beyond cellular or F3R coverage. Today, INMARSAT is the only organization with a space segment role to provide land mobile satellite communication services throughout the world. It is therefore in a unique position to rapidly respond to the needs of user community and to provide services giving both public and private closed user group access. In anticipation of these recent developments INMARSAT has, during the past year conducted an extensive series of trials and demonstrations of a low cost data and messaging service. These took place in East and West Europe, Australia and North America, and conclusively showed that the INWRSAT Standard C system is externally reliable and suited for land mobile use under all types of conditions and in all terrains. 5. STANDARD SATTELITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The overall system design meets the goals of standardized system. Elements and details of this overall communication system described below 5.1. COMS At the remote site COMS is a low-power DC computer, INMARSAT-C radio, and independent power system in a single package. A message can be sent via INMARSAT-C to or from any device on the local-area network. COMS simply act as a filter, rejecting any packets that are not correct. GPS time messages are available from the INMARSAT- c radio, and COMS broadcast regular time packets onto the local area network. 5.2. Local Area Network. An EIA485 1ocal area network provides a simple digital communication link to elements of the ARCS. The LAN is reliable, low power, and noise immune. 5.3. MACS The monitor and control system is a low power DC computer, collection platform and independent power system in a single package. MACS collect hourly averaged scientific data from the DMS and utility data from the node data units then sends out the coded GOES data message. Monitor and control system can also send the same diagnostic data via INMARSAT if GOES is unavailable. It monitors van status and generates alarm messages. Monitor and control system has the ability to collect data sets from some instruments in the event the DMS is not operating. 5.4. DMS The data management system is the data collection workhorse for ARCS. It is a highly reliable implementation of a Sun workstation with copious tape recording capability. All elements of the DMs are redundant, including the processors. 5.5. NDu The node data units are small micro-power data collection devices that are placed in the network as required throughout the ARCS system. They perform monitor and control tasks on command and initiate certain alarm messages. One NDU is located in each sea container. 5.6. COMSAT COMSAT is a U.S. service provider for the INMARSAT satellite system. Messages can be transmitted to the ARCS in several different ways: (a) Direct transmission from an INMARSAT-c radio; (b) dial-up service to COMSAT; (c) Internet email service provided by COMSAT. 5.7. ARCS Base Station The ARCS communication base station is a multi-tasking computer that performs several tasks: (a) Monitor INMARSAT message traffic. (b) Provide an operator interface for sending control commands to the remote sites. (c) Routinely dial up and collect GOES data and forward them on to analysis sites. (d) Send alarm announcements when emergency messages are received. 6. STANDARD C SYSTEM The INMARSAT C system is the satellite system which usually provides two-way data communications from any place in the world. INMARSAT C terminals are very simple, cost effective and small in size to install any where at any point for example on vehicle ,air craft and easy to hand carry from one place to another place. Communications via the INMARSAT C system are usually data or could be message based. Any information that can be encoded into data bits could be transmitted using the INMARSAT C system. Any kind of Messages whether short or long are transferred from C terminal at information rate of 600 bits per sec. Frequencies are from 1626.5 MHz to 1645.5 MHz for the transmit, and 1530.0-1545.0 MHz for the receiving. C system is available in all four satellites of INMARSAT and its coverage area is from all oceans through 40 or more earth stations. A NCS in each region controls communications traffic. All INMARSAT maritime systems make use of 2-digit codes to facilitate transmission and reception of various types of maritime information. The typical INMARSAT C mobile earth station has a small omni-directional antenna. Antenna light weight and simplicity make it easily mounted on any place. Directional antennas are available which could be installed in fixed and movable modes. The main electronics unit is nearly 3 kg. Briefcase type terminals are available also and give benefit to international business travelers and field operators. Network architecture is shown below. Figure 1 . Network Architecture Some terminals have facility of built-in message preparation and display. Other terminals have serial port so that users can link their own personal computers or any other equipment for data transmission and reception. The power requirements of C terminals are good and can be easily achieved from battery and other resources. More than 100 different terminal models made by nearly 40 manufacturers are now approved to operate with C system. Communication system using a cost effective mobile earth station suitable for installation and use on any type and size of mobile platform. The system is providing two way messaging service and data communications on a store and forward strategy, one way position and data polling and enhanced group Call broadcast service able to address both groups and specific geographic areas. The system interconnects with both Public and Private Networks to provide International, Regional or National services. The store and forward feature enables the system to interconnect with any terrestrial message or data network. To keep the mobile equipment low costs and to minimize a very low G/T of -23dB/k at 50 elevations was selected to permit the use of a non-stabilized, unidirectional antenna. BPSK modulation is used and this coupled with the relatively low EIRP requirement of l2dBw can be achieved with a class HPA using existing semiconductors. To alleviate the effects of multi-path propagation on a very low gain antenna it was necessary to design a highly robust modulation and coding scheme. Transmissions frame the mobile take place between 1626.5 1646.5 M k and reception between 1530.0- 1545.0 MHz with tuning increments of 5 KHz. Standard C is therefore able to operate throughout all frequencies available on INMARSATs existing and next generation satellites which are already assigned for Land Mobile use. The narrow channel spacing also helps ensure maximum efficiency in the use of limited spectrum. The system has been designed with considerable flexibility in the access control and signaling protocols so that it can handle future new services and applications. The all digital design enables any type of data to be passed through the traffic channels due to the transparent nature of the transmission medium. Current INMARSAT satellites have global beams providing coverage of about 1/3 the earth surface and to satisfy the design link budget requires a relatively high satellite EIRP of 21dbW is used. Third generation satellites now being specified will have spot beams and the Standard C system will be able to automatically identify the appropriate beam. Because of the high power requirements the forward carriers operate in a demand assigned mode when network conditions require. In addition the store and forward mode ensures maximum loading of the carriers at any given time which results in a highly cost effective service and mode of operation. Network Coordination Station Each Satellite Network Region is served by an NJS which manages central resources such as traffic channels for demand assigned operation together with signaling and traffic control. Each NJS transmits a NJS communication signal which is received by all MESs when the message transfer is not occurring. The Communication Channel is used to announce calls to mobiles waiting at the LESS, for broadcasting E messages and at various stages for protocol signaling packet transfer. Land Earth Stations Each LES serves as a gateway between the ground network and INMARSAT Standard communications and network system. The different types of interface provided at the LES are decided by the earth station operator; however, Telex and E message processing are mandatory. All mobile earth stations that are active in the network region are required to register with the Key. The copy of the list of registered mobile earth stations are held at each LES and used as a reason for accepting or rejecting calls originating from the terrestrial network. In addition the location of every registered mobile earth station is held at the LES so that calls received at the LES for mobile earth stations that is on another ocean region can be redirected and the will call not be lost. Figure 2. SES Example 7. BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS 7.1. ENHANCED GROUP CALL INMARSAT C terminals can receive multiple numbers of address messages known EGC. A specific header is inserted to the text to reference the group of mobiles and direct to the area for which the message is sent. Enhanced Group Calls can be transmitted in variety of languages and alphabets. There are two main types of Enhanced Group Calls: SafetyNET It provides an efficient and cost effective means of transmitting maritime safety and security information to vessels at sea and it is normally facilitated for different search and rescue coastguard co-ordination authorities. Short messages can be directed to mobiles and from mobile to any approaching specific regions. FleetNET It allows information to be sent to a virtually limitless number of mobile terminals simultaneously which are pre-designated. It is highly recommended for use by services specializing in the advertisement of news, reports and any other information regarding roads and ports. 7.2. SERVICES In bidirectional messaging INMARSAT C system can handle messages up to 32 kilo bytes in length. Every message from a mobile earth station is transmitted in data packets through satellite to a land earth station, where it is re-assembled and then sent to the final addressee via the local and international telecommunications networks. On the other side in the reverse direction callers can send messages to a single mobile earth station or to a group of mobile earth stations. 7.3. Data reporting and polling Many INMARSAT C system users need to acquire information from vehicles to cross-examine automatic data collection platforms at fixed or variable intervals. Data reporting allows the transmission of packets containing information of 32 bytes on request or on the base of pre-arranged intervals. On the other side polling allows the user base to interrogate a mobile earth station at any point of time, generating automatic transmission of the required information. 7.4. POSITION REPORTING INMARSAT C terminals can be connected with a wide range of navigation systems to provide a highly consistent, 24 hours position reporting capability. Position data can be derived from the earth based efficient systems and satellite based position fixing systems as global positioning system. 7.5. Distress alerting In the event of emergency threat alerting equipment gives the signal. The equipment is attached with Maritime INMARSAT C terminals. An emergency signal is automatically generated and information in distress alert signal contains position and any other information to a rescue coordination centre. 7.6. INTERNET EMAIL Most land earth stations offer internet electronic using the INMARSAT C service. 7.7. APPLICATIONS INMARSAT C is used in the road transports fishing boats, land mobile and aeronautical military aircraft, helicopters and also used by news agency members, international business travelers and people doing work for aid collection and for remote monitoring plus data collection. 8. STANDARD-C CHANNELS 8.1. General Different types of channels are used in INMARSAT standard C system. The channels are usually used not only in direct way communication from shore to ship but also inter-station links from shore to shore are used for network control process and monitoring. 8.2. NCS Common Channel The Network co-ordination station channel is a common channel which is time division multiplexed carrier transmitted continuously by the Network co-ordination station to all Satellite earth stations in the ocean region. Satellite earth stations tune to the Network control signal common channel when they are not operating. The channel operates on 1200 symbols per second with frame length of fixed standard of 8.64s. The information is encoded at half rate convolution and interleaved on a frame to frame base. Data rate is therefore 600 bits per seconds and all messages and signaling information is transferred in the form of packets. In each one of the frame total of 639 bytes are available for packets. The very first packet in each frame is board packet. After this packet number of signaling channel descriptor packets are transferred which are used to transfer information concerning satellite earth station usage of the signaling channels associated with that TDM carrier. 8.3. CES TDM Channel The forward link is used with the help of CES TDM channel when the CES is communicating with a satellite earth station. The structure of CES TDM is similar to the Network co-ordination station common channel described in details above, and is used for carrying out call set up signaling shore-to-ship message and acknowledgement messages and call clear down signaling. A CES can operate more than one CES Time division multiplexing channel and every channel is demand assigned by the NCS. 8.4. SES Signaling Channel The Satellite earth station signaling channels associated with each forward time division multiplexing channel are received both by the network control stations and by the CES mainly for signaling from the Satellite earth station to the shore stations. Access by Satellite earth stations to a Satellite earth station signaling channel is done with the help of algorithm known as slotted ALOHA scheme and the addition of one mechanism over it is reservation of slots in the channel. If more than one Satellite earth station transmits the data at the same slot collision occurs as seen at the receiving CES. To reduce the time elapsed before Satellite earth station is aware that its transmission is unsuccessful. Signaling channel descriptor packet in the forward time division multiplexed indicates the current status of all slots associated with that signaling channel. Slot timing is based on the time division multiplexed frame of 8.64s. Fourteen slots are allocated for the time of one data frame and 28 slots for future generation satellites. Any kind of Information which is to be transmitted in any slot is scrambled and half rate convolution encoded. The transmission rate is 600 symbols per second for current generation satellites and 1200 symbols per second for future generation satellites. Burst 120 information bits could be adjusted in one slot. The bursts do not contain acquisition preamble which are transmitted in the slots. This thing helps to maximize the signaling channel capacity. 8.5. SES MESSAGE CHANNEL Satellite earth station message channels are used by Satellite earth stations to transmit their messages to the chosen control earth satiations. Satellite earth station signaling channel is used in the call setup phase, but the message itself is sent on Satellite earth station message channel assigned by the control earth station. Access to the channel by Satellite earth stations is on a time division multiple accesses. The destination control earth satiations instructs each Satellite earth station to wait for the proper time to transmit, the time at which it can start transmitting. Once assigned a start time Satellite earth station will transmit its entire message without interruption. Any Information which is to be sent is formatted into fixed packets with fixed size and placed into the frames. Different frame sizes are available although the size is fixed for a particular transmission. Frame can contain between one and five packets depending on its size. Each packet contains 127 b ytes of information. Frames are scrambled, at half rate convolution and interleaved. A preamble is added before transmission. Transmission rate is only 600 symbols for current generation satellites and it will reach to 200 symbols per second for future satellites. 8.6. Inter-station Links Control earth stations offering C services have bidirectional links with the network control signal of the same region. This type of link is used to transfer announcements and Enhanced Group Calls messages from a Control earth station to the network control signal for the subsequent transmission on the network control signal common channel. In addition, signaling is shared on this link to make sure synchronization of access to Satellite earth stations and for the allocation of Control earth stations time division multiplexed channels by the network control signal. The transmission rate is 1200 bits in one second with no error correction techniques are employed. 8.7. Inter-Region Link Each network control signal is linked to the other Network control signals by inter region link channel. Mainly this channel is used to update other regions of any registration process by Satellite earth stations in a particular region. Automatic dial-up voice band data channels is used by this link over the public switched telephone network. These links operate at 600 bits per second, using CCITT V22 full duplex modems. 9. CHANNEL CHARACTERISTICS 9.1. Link Budget Considerations The performance of customary analogue data links is specifically defined for a specific threshold value at the receiver demodulator and the link accessibility is defined as the %age of time that certain threshold value is likely to be achieved. Standard C uses ARQ technique to re-transmit error packets. Due to this reason changes in demodulator do not affect the standard quality of the received message but it affects only the counts of re-transmissions needed to make sure that the complete message can be decoded without error at the receiver. In order to reduce the loading on the satellite the sum of energy per message transfer transaction must be reduce to limited extent. The forward link is more critical in terms of satellite resources and power reduction for this will degrade the demodulator receiver and the error rate for the packets will increase. Therefore more repeat packets will be required and result will be satellite capacity utilization. And all this is because of extra total message energy required in transmitting the repeat packets. Over this the drawback one additionally drawback is the time needed to complete the message transfer would increase. For best satellite capacity operation the satellite power should adjusted such a level that the sum of all message energy could be minimized. For this practice one forward TDM may serve many satellite earth stations and the power could be set to ensure a distribution of rate of error in packet across the satellite earth station population. 9.2. Signal Processing Features For the forward error correction half rate convolution is used on all the channels. A relatively short length allows the usage of maximum likelihood decoding techniques which can provide power in the region of 5 dB gain in an un-faded link. Similarly as a baseline for perfect performance limits, a decoder (Viterbi) has been assumed operating on three bit soft decision samples. A data bit going through the encoder is capable to influence group of 14 consecutive symbols and thats why the fading bandwidth is much less as compared with the actual data rate. All fourteen symbols could be affected by a fade. Now for time division multiplexing and message channels encoded symbols are assembled in a block before its transmission. After that they are transmitted in a different order. This interleaving has great effect on signal transmission. This interleaving process spreads transmission of the fourteen symbols connected with a given data bit over entire length of time which is large as compared to the fade duration. De-interleaving of the encoded symbols at the receiver side is used to convert successfully the long duration fades into the arbitrary noise which the decoder is capable to tackle because only 14 symbols could be corrupted due to a usual fade. The redundancy established in to the transmitted symbol stream allows restoration of the original data. For the Satellite earth station signaling channel with burst mode, interleaving is not employed as the bursts are very short duration for any kind of major effect. Data scrambling is also used on all the channels and it is necessary to ensure enough symbol transitions for clock recovery on demodulator side. Each packet contains the 16-bit checksum field which is transmitted on any of the INMARSAT C channels. Then it follows de-interleaving, decoding and descrambling operations, on the receiver checksum is calculated for each packet in order to find if the packet has been received is free of error or not. Channel time is given in figure below Figure 3. Channel time 10. DEVELOPMENT TOOLS 10.1. Simulation In the simulation environment characteristics of the Standard-C system in respect of the channel environment and the protocols are used because the analysis by conventional techniques is not suitable for examining the performance of system and many types of simulators have been used. Some of the simulations techniques and software programs are briefly described below: 1. Software program based on the TOPSIM language has been prepared to analyze the packet error rate in the forward and return links and the effect that various channel exhibit on performance. 2. LOTUS 123 has been used for analyzing the effect of certain traffic loading on a given network configuration. Using this software the results have been very useful in showing the capacity of the network and delays expected under different scenarios. 3. Simulator of testing demodulators is also there. This simulator allows the testing of demodulator functions in the multi-path fading conditions. Such kind of test equipment is not present in the market. 4. HOCUS simul

how to do your laundry :: essays research papers

Step 1: Pre-sort all your clothes. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presort all clothes by colors. (whites fron darks, colors from whites) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sort all clothes by weight (jeans from cottons, knits from anything else) 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure you can wash your clothes by looking on the tags for dry cleaning or machine wash warnings. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, before putting clothes into washer, check to mke sure nothing is inside any pockets. (For example, candy, chapstick, money, etc.) Step 2: Selecting your Washer control buttons. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Estimate load size and load size knob to recommended setting. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turn your water temperature knob on correct setting. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Whites-Hot or warm b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Darks-Cold or warm 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pre-turn your cycle setting to the right setting. (Permanent press, delicates, or normal are the most common settings.) Step 3: Start your washer 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that your water is filling up in your washing machine, pour in laundry detergent, liquid or powder. (note: putting detergent into load before the water is completely filled may cause white spots or fading in your clothes) 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Start to put in your dirty laundry around the outside of the agitator, do not cram or stuff. Also make sure you are putting it in evenly. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Close the lid by pulling down gently. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure you know when your load is finished if you do not have a timer, therefore you can remove clothes immediately to prevent wrinkles or unnecessary color loss. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press Start button. Step 4: Remove clothes from the washer and put in dryer. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Check all clothes’ tags to make sure that it is okay to place into the dryer. Then place into dryer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Open lint screen, there is one in every dryer so locate it and remove the lint intoa trash can. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don’t forget to put the lint remover back into its designated spot. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you have fabric softeners, which are highly recommended to remove static cling, then put it in with your load of laundry. Step 4: Continued†¦ 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure the time/cycle setting knob is on, so then you will hear when your clothes are done drying. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turn time/cycle setting knob on appropriate setting (permanent press, delicates, cottons, etc.) 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Turn time/cycle cycle setting knob on how long you estimate it is going to take for your laundry to fully and correctly dry.

The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians by Anthony F.C. Wallace :: American History

The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians by Anthony F.C. Wallace The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians was written by Anthony F.C. Wallace. In his book, the main argument was how Andrew Jackson had a direct affect on the mistreatment and removal of the native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory. It was a trail of blood, a trail of death, but ultimately it was known as the "Trail of Tears". Throughout Jackson's two terms as President, Jackson used his power unjustly. As a man from the Frontier State of Tennessee and a leader in the Indian wars, Jackson loathed the Native Americans. Keeping with consistency, Jackson found a way to use his power incorrectly to eliminate the Native Americans. In May 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act. This act required all tribes east of the Mississippi River to leave their lands and travel to reservations in the Oklahoma Territory on the Great Plains. This was done because of the pressure of white settlers who wanted to take over the lands on which the Indians had lived. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East Coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. In 1830, a new state law said that the Cherokees would be under the jurisdiction of state rather than federal law. This meant that the Indians now had little, if any, protection against the white settlers that desired their land. However, when the Cherokees brought their case to the Supreme Court, they were told that they could not sue on the basis that they were not a foreign nation. In 1832, though, on appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokees were a "domestic dependent nation," and therefore, eligible to receive federal protection against the state. However, Jackson essentially overruled the decision. By this, Jackson implied that he had more power than anyone else did and he could enforce the bill himself. This is yet another way in which Jackson abused his presidential power in order to produce a favorable result that complied with his own beliefs. The Indian Removal Act forced all Indians tribes be moved west of the Mississippi River. The Choctaw was the first tribe to leave from the southeast.

Social Discrimination Essay -- Sociology

During the Spring of 2012, The University of Southern Mississippi's basketball team made their first appearance at the NCAA tournament since 1991. The team played against Kansas State University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During the second half of the game, Kansas State was defeating the University of Southern Mississippi, due to their freshman point guard Angel Rodriguez who contributed many points. The Wildcats were leading the game by 70-64. As Angel Rodriguez was performing a free throw, some University of Southern Mississippi prep band students chanted â€Å"Where's your green card?† This incident made national news and labeled the band students of the University of Southern Mississippi as ignorant, immature, and racist. The intense of emotions towards Southern Miss' chance to continue having a position in the tournament struck the band members to resort discrimination against Rodriguez by using derogatory language. There are different stances that can take place when evaluating an incident such as this one. The University of Southern Mississippi is located in the Southern region of the United States which has an infamous reputation for racial discrimination and division for several years. When this is looked at by people from other regions of the United States, they will assume that the band members were racist. Angel Rodriguez is from Puerto Rico, an island in the northeastern Carribean. The majority of Puerto Rico's population consists of Hispanics and Latinos. Puerto Rico is not a U.S. State rather it is a commonwealth of the United States of America. This gives Puerto Ricans the benefits of having a United States citizenship; therefore not requiring them to have a green card to be in the United States of America. A gree... ...ed the boundary of the band student's perceived territory in the United States because of his ethnic background. Southern Miss' prep band has members of minority backgrounds. If the minorities also participated in the taunting, it shows that geography and racial discrimination is instilled in all races that are citizens of the United States. Rodriguez lives and attended school in Miami, Florida and for the band to question his citizenship status shows how racial divisiveness occurs even within the close knit regions of the United States. Miami, Florida is known for a large and thriving Spanish speaking population in the United States. Works Cited Williams, Melvin D. 2003. Racism: The Production, Reproduction, and Obsolescence of Social Inferiority. In New directions, ed. Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution

Although most historians say that pre-history is not important, it is actually very important because that is where it all started. Paleolithic Age, which refers to the hunting and gathering way of life, is 95% of the human history. 100,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started using tools to manipulate their surroundings, and migrating and adapting to new environments. They traveled to Eurasia, Australia, Western hemisphere, and the Pacific islands. Then they started farming, which lead to an era with more technology, surplus, and time to think.The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was an important beginning to the human history. A lot happened during the Paleolithic Age. Technological innovations, such as stone blades and tools made out of bones were created, along with the controlling of fire. Some people argue because there was no surplus and there was no specialization, life was more egalitarian back then. Men and women were thought to have a more equal relationship. Even then people were spiritual, marking their existence, and was trying to control natural forces with supernatural forces.Forces of nature beyond their control was feared. When people started migrating, people learned and invented ways to adapt to their environment. They started communicating through language, and in the Americas, it is evident from the discovery of Clovis point that people communicated in a large area. At the end of the Ice Age, the warmer and wetter climate made it easier to settle down, which lead to the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was when people started farming all over the world.This gave them surplus, which made them settle down, which eventually lead to villages, cities, empires, and civilizations. But this also meant a more concentrated power to the elite men who forced the labor system, thus more stratified. Pastoralism also developed, which was the domestication of animals. Animals were used for not only meat purposes now but also for transport ation, power, and manure. The pastoralists and agricultural people would later conflict due to competition for land.Agriculture all depended on availability. In the Fertile Crescent, a variety of plants and animals were available for domestication. But in the Mesoamerica, only corn/maize was available, but it also lead to the first genetic engineering. More sophisticated tools were invented, and people tried to control nature by the deliberate selection of plants. Humans started impacting the environment a lot. Agricultural diffusion occurred, where language and ideas spread to other parts of the world.Overall, the Neolithic Revolution lead to increase in human population, new technologies (pottery, metallurgy, secondary products), new diseases spreading, difficulty to move when something disastrous (crop failures) happens, chiefdoms, and settlements. The Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Revolution was when â€Å"Homo sapiens† became â€Å"humans. † It was the base of a n ew era, the Industrial Era, which is when humans dominate the world for good or for bad. But it all certainly started when humans first started using tools, and started farming all over the world.

Family of Woodstock, Inc. Essay

The Family of Woodstock is more than a gate away for teens and young adults; it’s the exact opposite. As an interviewee for the upcoming position here at the organization, I would like to give you my full appreciation and knowledge or reasoning as to why I applied. When looking for which organization I should apply for after getting my degree in human service, I was leaning to helping those young people of our nation. After reading and learning what this organization has to offer for the young adolescents who are in need, as well as the young adult I felt that this is where I need to provide my skills. Here is a little bit of what amazed me and what I appreciated the most about this organization. Preparing an organization is hard, understanding the needs of others, and what they possess is more difficult unless one has a heart for it. The Family of Woodstock organization began when the founders found several factors that led them to create such an inspirational organization. From learning and understanding exactly why young teens and adults decide to escape from the confines of their world. Once the problem is recognized, there were reasons to plan an organization that would help provide such needs and materials. Some of the issues they go through such as sleeping in parking lots, hitchhiking, seeking out food, as well as clothing. This led the founders to provide materials and ensure that the rights to these materials. The organization specializes in meeting the needs of the communities around them who may be in need. Looking back through the history of Family of Woodstock, one can see the multiple areas where this organization has offered services for over forty years. Since 1970, there have been a twenty-four-hour hotline setup clients to call in and get immediate support. We can see the changes that have been going on within this organization. Helping those seek help with drug and substance abuse issues, as well as trying to seek funding from the county drug commission. Medical services start to become established, as well as the free store. The Family of Woodstock has offered services each year to the main issues that are an ongoing struggle faced by the individuals in the communities close to them. The main issues they help with are emergency housing, domestic violence victims, helping teen runaways, and the homeless. There are walk-in facilities that the Family of Woodstock does  meet the immediate needs of Ulster County. When Family of Woodstock began their beliefs and values started with helping the young people who were coming to the little town of Woodstock. However, many people did not feel that it was their problem or necessity to help those because they believed it was not Woodstock’s responsibility. Nevertheless, as more and more volunteers started helping, Family of Woodstock started to come together. The volunteers are what made Family of Woodstock as successful as they are today. The main volunteer group was called the Soft Landing Machine, which helped those who were substance abusers. They spent time with those who were drug users, as well as talk with them and visit. As of today, the volunteers and employees are what make Family of Woodstock, along with the diverse backgrounds, experience, and interests, but one thing they share are common values. The Family of Woodstock has branched into different directions but has primarily stayed on the same path it was founded on. That path is helping and providing those in need with the easiest ways to get the proper assistance needed to solve their problems without doing it for them. Families of Woodstock’s doors are always open to anyone who is in need without being judged. The organization has opportunities for staffers and volunteers who are trained to help troubled individuals feel welcomed and feel comfortable. The way Family of Woodstock has developed over the last forty years comes down to them working harder than ever by providing the services that are needed without too much change. Helping others within their community and see the difference that they are making and the opportunities for others to join the Family, so they can help support others as well. All human services organizations go through some changes, but as they go through these changes, the organizations will see what works better for them as times and society have change. As long as they keep going with their founding motto and the straight path of helping those in need there is nothing wrong with a little change to improve services. Human services professionals share a common goals and values when wanting to help improve one’s life, rather than the economic well-being of an individual and the families that they serve. While most human services programs serve different clients and offer different services, most clients have many issues and needs that require them to seek out several different services. However, as human services develop programs to help service the clients, we must  remember that there should be several other services looked at for their treatments. When specializing in human services delivery we need to be aware of what major issues are causing the suffering in today’s society and what are the minor issues. This goes to say that specialization of any human service delivers has become a trend throughout the profession. The reason is because as professionals they understand what issues families and individuals go through because of their experiences or knowledge. In conclusion, Family of Woodstock has helped many human services organizations become specialized in helping. With the knowledge and understanding, as well as the importance of helping others, Family of Woodstock has become an organization that has lasted for over forty years based on what is important to them. Their values have not changed over the years, but they have expanded their knowledge of how to help those who are in need. The Family of Woodstock has continued to grow and evolve so they can reach as many of those who are suffering alone. References Burger, W. R. (2011). Human services in contemporary America (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Gibbons, A. (2010). Family of Woodstock turns 40. Retrieved from http://www.dailyfreeman.com/general-news/20100808/family-of-woodstock-turns-40

Assessing the Functionality of New York Time Square and the People’s Square Shanghai

Drumhead In this essay, the urban layout, relationship with the street, triangulation, personal individuality and imposter infinites are discussed with a position to better understand the urban context of the New York Time Square and the People’s Square Shanghai ( Renmin place ) . With the adjutant of Google map and sing the Renmin place, the recordings could be examined with much truth in order to better understand the operation of the two celebrated squares. Background amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1016369.001.png" usemap="#awmap1">Frequently nicknamed The Crossroads of the World, Time Square is one of the busiest squares in the universe holding more than a one-fourth million people go throughing at that place daily ( Time Square Alliance,2014 ) . Hosting around 40 million tourers yearly ( Time Square Alliance, 2014 ) , Time Square, was one time, in the late 1890s, badly dominated by illicit activities. However, due to the colony of several celebrated companies like the New York Times ( A position on metropoliss, 2014 ) , the country witnessed a important turning over where the metropolis was restructured and while the development continued, communicating with European states established, taking to an exponential hiking in the quality of its urban status. Located in one of the most populated urban territories around the Earth, People’s Square ( Renmin Plaza ) is among Shanghai largest public infinite ( Moore, 2012 ) consisting chiefly of a metro station, municipal council edifices and a karyon like green construction on the boundaries. Once a Equus caballus racing land, the country was converted to a park when the Communist Party was founded in the mid-20Thursdaycentury ( Leo, 1999 ) . Due to its centered location, the square acquired overriding importance for the local administrative authorities where much of the public assemblage every bit good as shows would be launched in this peculiar country. Nowadays, the park hosts several monumental edifices like the Shanghai museum, Shanghai theater every bit good as the celebrated H2O games pool merely to advert a few. Urban Layout New York City adopted a tabula rasa reform to bring forth an extraneous grid form to its layout. Blocks are arranged one after each other which resulted in the formation of both streets and a stiff construction. Extraneous metropolis layout has been adopted since really long clip ago in many portion of the universe. It has of all time since arose tonss of controvertible issues like it looks dull and is non suited for human due to the fact that the appropriate integrating of micro administrations are non promoted good. However, despite designed from a top-down position, the infinites within the extraneous agreement, at a micro-scale degree, generated the right chances for activities in this part to go on. Within the hyper local edifice typologies on site, a assortment of little scale events could be shaped, therefore ensuing in both the zone’s diverseness every bit good as guaranting the long term development of its economic wellness. This organized manner of be aftering lead t o the rational growing of the construction where old and new blocks could unify or interact with each other, ensuing in the catalytic connectivity of the site. Furthermore, the relationship of the stiff grid and the non-grid construction of the metropolis like the Parkss, the diagonal route cutting through it and the mediate infinites every bit good as attendant 1s formed by the variant forms of edifices amplified well the city’s construction where the circulation of both traffic and walkers was guaranteed. With one of the largest urban populations ( City Layout, 2014 ) non merely in China but besides in the universe, Shanghai has undergone a dramatic revolutionisation since some decennaries ago. Consisting about 16 territories, Shanghai chief country is the Huangpu District where the Renmin place lies. Unlike other large metropoliss in China, Shanghai has non adopted the extraneous street layout but instead a more organic attack to the design. One of the chief blessing of the organic development is that it somehow fits human activities every bit good as developments of changing sizes can be carried out with much easiness, a factor which is rather hard in stiff grid design. The Renmin Plaza is surrounded by a twosome of chief roads every bit good as nearby to the intersection point of major metro lines ( 1, 2, 8 ) ( Map of People’s Square, 2014 ) . It is rather noticeable that major place are frequently located near Stationss where they carry out an of import function as civic sp ace-people will instead travel for a walk in the place instead than remaining in the Stationss waiting for the theodolite. However, it is deserving nailing out that, even though the strategic location of the place is a cardinal factor of the urban scene, it remains important of how to primly do the infinite a topographic point instead than obliging people to travel through it. Relationship with the street Relationship with the street is one of the major factors impacting a place. Bing in itself a transitional infinite and has every bit map to construction infinites, the streets find how public or private a part is. New York Time Square is formed by the intersection of many major streets including the Broadway, the Seventh and the 42neodymiumavenues merely to advert a few. What truly add to the celebrity of Time Square is the fact that the streets and the abutting edifices are closely related to each other and works like one system. Most if non all the construction on the place have as first floor commercial shops with Windowss carved into their facade taking to this abstract minute of commune between the passerby and the edifice. This cardinal facet of the urban scene of the place is nurtured by the streets. The avenues on the site provide the transitional infinite where the contact between persons and built environment occurs. The extraneous construction of the New York City give rise to a legion figure of corners. Representing a really of import characteristic in both urban design and architecture, corners trigger the necessary drift for activities to go on and develop. The corners gives people the chance to step back from the heavy prosaic flow and get down a conversation with the environment which may include edifices, passerby, and merchandisers amongst others. Those represent the anterooms which are self-structured and can work on its ain which are the major facets behind the plaza’s great celebrity. The pavement spaces acts as passage infinites. As mentioned before, these infinites operate like accelerators for the communicating of persons with the environing environment. Having a portion of Broadway street turned into a prosaic path, Time Square is seting much accent on this facet as the local governments are under the strong feeling that maximal exposure of the visitants would unusually be good to the plaza’s image. Yet, despite it is a good manner of covering with the state of affairs, no more solutions to better the place has been undertaken. It is really of import to see about the visitants themselves as they are the responsible 1s who renders the images of infinites. In order to control this job, the governments did set some movable chairs on the site with a position to hosting people who wants to hold confabs or rest a small spot. Still, with the huge flow of walkers, sitting in the mid of the way is non a wise determination. Harmonizing to William H. Whyte, people like to sit in an country where they are so portion of the scene go oning on the streets but at least have a little barrier as a separation means ( William H. Whyte, 1980 ) . In the instance of Renmin Plaza, despite the people’s flow is rather similar to the New York Time Square’s one, the street life at Renmin place seems to be rather dull. There is a boundary separating persons from other persons. Even though the adjoining edifices are in good interactions with the pavements, the corners remains a topographic point where people merely wait to traverse the route. In fact, the cutting off of the streets from the place is one of the chief ground behind the low synergistic degree. Many Chinese streets adopted the ‘Boulevard’ type of paths where trees are aligned on both side of the route which gives the semblance to be in a really nice atmosphere while going, but alternatively, it wholly blots the position on the environing constructions. Peoples tend to travel to topographic points which is on their sightlin e. A really good illustration to back up this statement is the deep-set place of Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University. Design ed to be a topographic point where pupils every bit good as members of the staffs would garner, turned out to be an country where the activity degree is amazingly low. All to state that, although the trees help to cut down the heat island consequence on the streets, it needs to be sagely placed with a position to advancing the relationship of the people with the environment instead than cutting them off. Triangulation Triangulation is the procedure by which external factors, which may or may non be ab initio portion of the urban scene, generate chance for interactions among persons to happen. Changing from human existences to objects like chairs, triangulors are among the chief facets which can assist the societal life in an urban context. The metropolis construction like edifices, streets, place, and mediate infinites, amongst others are non the lone factors doing up the topographic point but besides the people utilizing every bit good as sing it forms up the topographic point. One of New York’s individuality is the skyscrapers which have cardinal societal effects. Acting like memorials, the towers are existent crowd pullers which frequently leads to the interactions of the visitants as shown in figure 6. On the other manus is People’s Square which is aesthetically delighting. The triangulors present on the site are the edifices but chiefly the H2O drama at the cardinal place where the toll of people interacting with one another is truly high. As a affair of fact, even though the metropolis consists of many good designed infinites, the function of triangulors can non be underestimated for it helps people connect with each other without intentionally coercing them to so. Personal Identity The infinite in which an person dwells in is a important factor which determines cultural patterns which accordingly molds the latter’s personal individuality. For illustration, person life in an urban country will hold a different personal every bit good as spacial individuality compared to person who is from a distant rural country. Spatial individuality is going a really delicate factor presents due to globalisation. Many infinites every bit good as topographic points tend to look similar, go forthing behind the topographic point individuality which removes well the background of the country. A good illustration to back up this fact is Shanghai itself. The rich traditional Chinese civilization is now being eluded by western civilizations. The urban scene of the city’s resemble the 1s in New York. Chinese edifices has a strong individualism which is seldom being seen in large metropoliss presents. Many of the edifices is westernized. The People’s Square excessi vely has non been an exclusion of the eluded cultural background. Most if non all the infinites in the Renmin Plaza, while sing them, give the semblance to be in a western state. Having the same constellations of the infinites everyplace, might take in the hereafter, humdrum as it will give the feeling of deja vu, therefore severely impacting the urban infinites. However, sing Time Square, skyscrapers have been since a really long clip ago, a portion and package in the life manner of the American society. Pseudo Spaces Pseudo infinites are those 1s who are available for the populace but merely for certain types of activities or even people. Nowadays, the bulk of public and civic infinites are administrated by metropolis regulations and regulated by constabulary sections. Time Square, though considered populace, allows merely a certain types of activities or single to have. Consequently, it can be concluded that many people whose activities or has a different life manner might non be able to acquire entree to Time Square. One definition for public infinite is an country which one and all can entree. Accessibility to a public infinite does non merely intend to be physically present but besides to interact with the surrounding. However, how public is Time Square? Controlled by the Time Square Alliance, a group policemen guaranting the proper operation of a part, Time Square can non cover with a different type of activity which does non have on the ‘allowed list’ of the security individual s. It can merely cover with physical handiness of a immense prosaic flow. As a affair of fact, Time Square is non truly a public infinite but instead a pseudo public infinite where merely some types of activities are allowed. As for People’s Square, it follows the same manner of Time Square. Police officers every bit good as security camera are installed in every corner of the streets to guarantee the proper behaviour of the passerby. However, there is a difference between how much public these two places are. Harmonizing to the scopes of activities, handiness every bit good as interaction with the environment, New York Time Square can be considered to be more public. Renmin Plaza closes at a certain clip populating the topographic point dull at some point whereas New York Time Square is unfastened on a 24 hr footing doing it more public as people can non merely acquire entree at that place but besides stay for a longer clip period. Decision New York Time Square and People’s Square have both similarities and difference in their several urban scenes. Both extraneous and organic metropolis layout has pros and cons. In fact, several external factors like locations, civilization, economic amongst others are the determiner that indicates which layout might outdo suit a certain metropolis. As for the relationship with the streets, place demands to peremptorily hold a good connexion with them. Many factors like, handiness, sightline, corners, mediate infinites, merely to advert a few shows how successful a place can be. Triangulation excessively is a major facet in planing a square as they can associate the users to the environing environment therefore truly heightening their journey in the unfastened infinite. Furthermore, as the universe is turning into a planetary small towns, many infinites tend to look likewise to the hurt of the valuable ways of making every bit good as civilizations. Many parts in China has non de veloped and inculcated their rich doctrine in their metropolis design, doing the personal individuality of the Chinese society really similar to western 1s. Finally, pseudo public infinites are witnessing an of all time addition in figure since a twosome of decennaries ago. It is true that imposter infinites contribute to the wellbeing of the users and assist to advance the image of a metropolis but they may be regarded every bit discriminatory as non merely a certain type of activities are allowed but besides many people might be rejected as they can non unify with the surrounding. It is deserving observing that although the constructions on site aid to make infinites, it is the users who make them go topographic points. Mentions Time Square Alliance. ( 2014 )Time Square Market facts: Pedestrian Counts [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.timessquarenyc.org/do-business-here/market-facts/pedestrian-counts/index.aspx # .U27_BkZSwYk ( Accessed on: 1stMay 2014 ) A position on metropoliss. ( 2014 )Time Square: Hisoty [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aviewoncities.com/nyc/timessquare.htm ( Accessed on: 1stMay 2014 ) Moore.M. ( 2012 )Travel: Shanghai Biennale: a usher to China ‘s largest metropolis [ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/travel/3491/shanghai-biennale-a-guide-to-chinas-largest-city.html ( Accessed on: 1stMay 2014 ) Leo Ou-fan Lee. ( 1999 ) Public Park and Race Club Harvard University Press Shanghai Modern:The Flowering of a New Urban Culture in China1sterectile dysfunction. Havard University, pp 29-30. Anonymous. ( 2014 )City Layout[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.frommers.com/destinations/shanghai/692768 # sthash.3Di017ef.zViFCHV9.dpbs ( Accessed on: 1stMay 2014 ) Anonymous. ( 2014 )Map of People’s Square[ Online ] . Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.exploreshanghai.com/metro/pedia/station/peoples-square ( Accessed on: 1stMay 2014 ) William H. Whyte. ( 1980 )The Social Life of Small Urban SpacesUndertaking for Public Spaces, New York, Project for Public Spaces Inc