Homer The Great Greek Poet

Homer The Great Greek Poet Free Online Research Papers Homer, is one, if not the most influential Greek writers/poets to ever live. The estimated TOB of Homer is supposedly around the 8th century BC it is guessed that Greek poet Homer was born around the Greek Island Ionia. Though very little is know of the author; he is given credit to writing two of the most familiar and influential pieces of Greek literature ever written. Homer did not only create a basis for education and Greek culture; he accomplished these landmarks during the spreading of the Christian religion. First, through the creating of The Illiad and The Odyssey, Homer did create a basis for education and Greek culture. These works of Homer very much affected Western standards and ideas. To the Greeks, they were not just everyday literature; they saw the work representing the Hellenic unity and moral instruction. However, there is doubt over whether The Illiad and The Odyssey were composed of the same author. This argument was brought up when the difference in genres between the stories was brought up. But it is still believed by today’s historians that the author of both writings was from a single man. Second, Homer created a basis for Greek education and Greek culture; he also did this through his style of poetry. It had been one of the most important discoveries from a Homeric scholarship; the discovery was that Homer’s style was oral. Oral poetry is a kind of poetry that is made and passed down by word of mouth and without ever writing it down. When Homer recited these oral poems he liked to call himself â€Å"singer†. He introduced a new concept of a very different style of poetry. Third, Homer created a basis for education and Greek culture; he did this by being so influential and brilliant. During the Hellenistic age, Homer received a hero cult in several cities. Great shrines and sculptures were created by amazing artists and were put in popular territories. For example, Ptolemy IV Philopator built a shrine in Alexandria. And also A marble relief, made in Egypt, brought to Italy was made in his honor. In this piece, Homer is not just a great poet, but he also is an inspired source of all literature. Fourth, Homer created a basis for education and Greek culture, but mysteries of his authorship are still being questioned today. Most scholars agree that both The Illiad and The Odyssey went through a process of standardization and refinement. Confirming that Homer created not all of today’s version of these writings, but the basic outline is most likely the same. Other scholars, however, maintain their belief in the reality of an actual Homer. Though a possible theory, not much evidence is found of an actual man Homer. Fifth, Though Homer created a basis for education and Greek culture, his place of origin is a mystery to most scholars. There is a general belief that Homer was a native of Ionia. Which is considerable, considering that the dialect of the poems is Ionian. The most certain, and valuable piece of information proving this general belief is that his descendants, the Homeridae, lived on an Ionic island known as Chios. This location is recalled in both of Homers creations The Illiad and The Odyssey. Homer did not only create a basis for education and Greek culture through his writings; he did it during the spreading knowledge of Christianity. Being the most influential and bright-minded writers in Greek culture, Homer is still living today, not actually, but through his creations. Research Papers on Homer The Great Greek PoetTartaros A Place of Ultimate PunishmentBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettDeontological Teleological TheoriesContrasting Berthe Morisot and Jan van EyckCritical Analysis of HamletThe Gnostic JesusSociology is a ScienceIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorThe Broken FamilyMy Writing Experience

Globalization of Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Globalization of Financial Markets - Essay Example The impact on the stock markets themselves is difficult to predict, and could change investments and trading styles in ways that cannot be suggested from this naà ¯ve point (Sabri, 2006). For example, moving all stock exchanges from the physical to the electronic will create what is essentially one grouped exchange, meaning that any differences in the exchanges and their consequences will be eliminated (Sabri, 2006). Additionally, there may be consequences for the NASDAQ because of this conglomeration, as lower performing exchanges are incorporated into the more resilient. It is difficult to say whether this will improve the poorer performers or decrease the impact of the vital markets, but it is evident that there will be a distinct change in market performance (Arshanapalli & Doukas, 2003). The globalization of financial markets will also have inevitable consequences for the way that corporations themselves do business. If financial markets were truly globalized, there would be a need for many corporations to offer a 24-hour trading system to match the state of the exchanges, and thus many would require a greater financial output and labour input (Sachs, 1998). The globalization of financial markets could also lead to a greater amount of competition in many markets, with Eastern companies utilizing cheaper labour sources to provide cheaper services. This could cause corporations a number of problems, and introduce a need to investigate how to further improve profit margins to become competitive on a global scale. (Lahiri, Perez-Nordtvedt & Renn, 2008). Another element for business that is often discussed in the literature is a change in mind set. Along with more physical changes, an increase in globalization will require a number of changes in interaction with foreign m arkets, and understanding differences in financial systems worldwide. Lahiri, Perez-Nordtvedt & Renn (2008) suggest that there are a number of different elements that are required for the success of a corporation in the global market, including an increased appreciation of communication and cooperation, readiness to deal with temporal and cultural differences, and realizing sources of unexpected competition. These all come from an increased diversity in the market and a number of difficulties that come from dealing with previously unknown customers and investors. In conclusion, there are a number of ways in which financial markets are going to need to

Theoritical Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theoritical Questions - Assignment Example The key determinants to be considered in valuing convertible bonds are, the coupon rate offered, the time when the convertibility option can be exercised and the exercise price of the stock (Choudhry, 359). A bond warrant gives the holder of the instrument the right to â€Å"call† or â€Å"put† the bond whenever it wants. Moreover, unlike a convertible bond-wherein the underlying debt is repaid in cash or an equivalent amount of company stock--the warrant contract component of a warrant-bond can be sold separately to third parties while the original investor retains the straight bond component (Choudhry, 396). Dividends are usually paid by corporations after the taxes have been deducted from the overall earnings of the company. However, in many countries, the investors may get taxed on the dividend payments that they receive. Therefore, the companies may plough back some of the earnings to avoid these taxes. Taxes decrease the cost of capital as the tax benefit comes with respect to coupon payments to bond holders. It helps to decrease the overall weighted average cost of debt (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 519). Rationality is the key towards investing in the financial markets. Most investors are more often rational in their behavior while investing than not. However, there are many instances in which irrational behavior and repeated errors in judgment have been documented or witnessed in the financial markets. Irrational behavior can be exploited by finding out the overvalued and undervalued stocks, and investing accordingly. Trade credits, Bank over Drafts and Commercial Papers are few examples of short term financing sources that can be used by companies to pay salaries, coupon payments or other miscellaneous expenses (Shim and Siegel, 133). Depending too much on some of these short term sources finance often give a wrong signal and may

Theoritical Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theoritical Questions - Assignment Example The key determinants to be considered in valuing convertible bonds are, the coupon rate offered, the time when the convertibility option can be exercised and the exercise price of the stock (Choudhry, 359). A bond warrant gives the holder of the instrument the right to â€Å"call† or â€Å"put† the bond whenever it wants. Moreover, unlike a convertible bond-wherein the underlying debt is repaid in cash or an equivalent amount of company stock--the warrant contract component of a warrant-bond can be sold separately to third parties while the original investor retains the straight bond component (Choudhry, 396). Dividends are usually paid by corporations after the taxes have been deducted from the overall earnings of the company. However, in many countries, the investors may get taxed on the dividend payments that they receive. Therefore, the companies may plough back some of the earnings to avoid these taxes. Taxes decrease the cost of capital as the tax benefit comes with respect to coupon payments to bond holders. It helps to decrease the overall weighted average cost of debt (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 519). Rationality is the key towards investing in the financial markets. Most investors are more often rational in their behavior while investing than not. However, there are many instances in which irrational behavior and repeated errors in judgment have been documented or witnessed in the financial markets. Irrational behavior can be exploited by finding out the overvalued and undervalued stocks, and investing accordingly. Trade credits, Bank over Drafts and Commercial Papers are few examples of short term financing sources that can be used by companies to pay salaries, coupon payments or other miscellaneous expenses (Shim and Siegel, 133). Depending too much on some of these short term sources finance often give a wrong signal and may

Theoritical Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theoritical Questions - Assignment Example The key determinants to be considered in valuing convertible bonds are, the coupon rate offered, the time when the convertibility option can be exercised and the exercise price of the stock (Choudhry, 359). A bond warrant gives the holder of the instrument the right to â€Å"call† or â€Å"put† the bond whenever it wants. Moreover, unlike a convertible bond-wherein the underlying debt is repaid in cash or an equivalent amount of company stock--the warrant contract component of a warrant-bond can be sold separately to third parties while the original investor retains the straight bond component (Choudhry, 396). Dividends are usually paid by corporations after the taxes have been deducted from the overall earnings of the company. However, in many countries, the investors may get taxed on the dividend payments that they receive. Therefore, the companies may plough back some of the earnings to avoid these taxes. Taxes decrease the cost of capital as the tax benefit comes with respect to coupon payments to bond holders. It helps to decrease the overall weighted average cost of debt (Ehrhardt and Brigham, 519). Rationality is the key towards investing in the financial markets. Most investors are more often rational in their behavior while investing than not. However, there are many instances in which irrational behavior and repeated errors in judgment have been documented or witnessed in the financial markets. Irrational behavior can be exploited by finding out the overvalued and undervalued stocks, and investing accordingly. Trade credits, Bank over Drafts and Commercial Papers are few examples of short term financing sources that can be used by companies to pay salaries, coupon payments or other miscellaneous expenses (Shim and Siegel, 133). Depending too much on some of these short term sources finance often give a wrong signal and may

About the bridge and router

About the bridge and router Introduction In this current assignment I will discuss about the bridge and router. This assignment I will explain the definition of what is a bridge and a router in detail. The bridge and router has its own advantages and disadvantages in many ways by looking thru its capability and specification wise. Bridge is a wired connection which is only use for that computer which is connected to it and router is a wireless connection which can be shared by many other computer or laptop. Secondly, I will calculate and find the subnet mask, number address in each subnet and first and last addresses in subnet. 1.The answer is yes it is possible to replace the bridge with a router. Thru coming year our technology is expanding rapidly because of that many alternative way can be done to solve networking problem. I will explain what are a router (refer to figure1.1) and a bridge (refer to figure1.2) individually in performing a task to connect thru the network.   In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network known as local area network to another local area network which uses the same protocol as Ethernet or token ring. You can imagine that the bridge device as being to be able to decide whether a certain context of message from another person to someone else is by going thru to the local area network in your current building or to someone else on the local area network in another building which is located across the street. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network, passing thru those which are known to be within the same local area network, and forwarding those which are known to be on the other interconnected local area network. In bridging networks of today, a computer address or a node address have no accurate or specific relationship to location where it is located. For this reason, messages are randomly sent out to every single address located on the current network and only can be accepted by the intended and matching destination node. The bridge learns which addresses are on specific network and create a learning table in order for each subsequent message to be forwarded to the correct network. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks since broadcasting each and every message to all available destinations would causes a flood to the larger network with unwanted traffic. For this reason, router networks such as the Internet use a scheme that assigns addresses to nodes so that a message or packet can be forwarded only in one general direction rather than forwarded in all directions. A bridge operate at the data-link level of a network also known as physical network, is by copying a data frame from another network to the next network by moving along the communications path. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The bridge processes the packet at only the two layers; the repeater processes each frame at only on one layer. The bridge will need to look for a table and get the forwarding port together for it to regenerate its signal; only the repeater will regenerates the signal. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. If the destination address exists in the forwarding database which is already created, the packet will then be forwarded to the port number to the specific destination host which has been attached. If it doesnt exist in the forwarding database, forwarding will be done on all parts which cause flooding. This process is referred as bridge forwarding. Moreover, as each frame reaches it destination, its source address will indicates where a particular host is located, so that the bridge knows where to forward the frames to that address. This process is called bridge learning. The key features of a transparent bridge is that the stations are not aware of the existence of a transparent bridge and reconfiguration of the bridge is not required because it can be added or removed on its own without knowing. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise to configured it because is not as complex as the router. Secondly, the price of a simple bridge device is not expensive at all compared to the router. Thirdly, it isolate collision domain which will reduce the size of collision domain by using micro segmentation in the non-switched network. Fourthly, bridges wont deny the introduction of management or performance information and access control. Fifthly, local area networks interconnected in the bridge are divided and the physical constraints like the number of station, repeater and segment length will not be apply. Sixthly, the bridge manages incoming trafficking and lessens the bandwidth to be wasted by avoiding all unwanted flow of data located in between the network segments. By using this method it can effectively ensure that the optimal performance on both sides of the network segment. Bridges might be functioning jus t like a traffic police on the city street, by controlling the movement of the legitimate data and not allowing all unwanted traffic passing through it. Bandwidth that is wasted will create unwanted delay of time and reduce the performance speed of the current network used. A bridge is therefore can also act as a bandwidth monitor, by channeling important relevant data and discarding rubbish to improve the bandwidth throughput. It also can be thought out as a traffic shaping or a managing firewall. Seventhly, the network bridges improve the functional length of a network by connecting each single local area network segments. A network is possible to be segmented and join together without requiring the need of creating IP subnets or the usage of a router. The network bridges expand the capacity of the network without the requiring for hardware equipment something like cables, and software constraints which is the firewalls. Eighthly, the bridge network is capable of connecting both s imilar and different local area network segments. It is connected, for an instance, an Ethernet segment connected together with a Token Ring segment, which allows both to function as one and by having similar IP address. A bridge connects local area network segments thru many different protocols, a local area network segment including the Internet and a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a local area network segment. The bridge network can also be used to connect two carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network, and a token ring local area networks with a carrier sense multiple access or collision detection (CSMA/ CD) local area network. It is important to connect different segments possessing non-similar protocols for data transmission. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit in the bridge network. Secondly, extremely large networks are not being scaled in the bridge network. Thirdly, the bridge network delays the length of time for the action to do buffering and processing. Fourthly, repeater and hubs cost a lesser amount of price compared to buying a bridge.   Fifthly, a complex network topology can pose a problem for transparent bridges. For example, multiple paths that are located in between the transparent bridges and local area network can cause the bridge looping. The spanning tree protocol is to help in reducing the problems with complicated topologies. In packet-switching networks such as the Internet which connect to the world wide web, the router is a device that is capable, in some cases, software that are inside the computer, so that it determines from one network to another network point in which a single packet should be   forwarded toward its right destination. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet containing the information based on its own knowledge of the current condition of the working networks that it is connected to. A router can be located at any gateway in where one network can be met with another network, including each point-of-presence on the Internet will surfing in the World Wide Web (WWW). A router is most of the time is included as a fraction from the network switch. The router sometimes can create or maintain the table for the current routes used and its own conditions and using the information together with distance and cost the algorithm to decide on its own to choose the best route for each packet thats been given. Typically, a single packet sometimes moves through a specific number of network points with the use of routers before reaching at its currently set destination. Routing will function by associating with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is in the standard model of network programming, it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3 switch allows the switch to be able to perform routing functions properly. An edge router is another kind of router that interfaces with an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is combined with a bridge network and a router. For the home computer users and business computer users which owned a high-speed Internet connection by using a cable, satellite, or digital subscribe line (DSL), the router can be like a hardware firewall. This fact is true because even though if the home or the business owned only a single computer at home or at work place. Out of many of the engineers trust that the usage of a router provides a higher protection level against hacking by hacker compare to a software firewall inside the computer, because none of the computer Internet Protocol address are easy to be revealed to the Internet. This makes the port scan which is a technique for exploring weaknesses almost essentially impossible to be done. In addition, a router does not simply suck up the resources in the computer as a software firewall does. Commercially manufactured routers are easily to be installed, its sold at a reasonable price, and made available for hard-wired network or wireless networks. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks, so that you can use the local area network and wide area network connectivity at the same time. The router has many different type of connections which can be connected to a lot of architecture, many kind of media from the internet and also for internal use within an organization. The router is useful for transferring data to others because it makes its own decision by taking the best route and paths in order to get the correct data to the target node. Router has domain that will cause smaller collisions. Wireless Internet also known as the router provides super quick broadband speed, approaching up to two megabytes per second or even quicker. More and more customers are hoping for the broader bandwidth, so the number should slowly crawl up steadily over for the next few months or years to come. Wireless internet is more reasonable and has better performance wise over the satellite broadband , this is because satellite signals typically needs to travel around tens of thousands of miles away. Wireless internet is also extremely responsive, when you are launching up the web pages, downloading emails is quicker, and able to engage in teleconferencing or video conferencing over the internet, your wireless internet system will be able to yield ultra quick transmission. Weather condition, radio frequencies distraction, and traffic congestion can all impede wireless internet flow. Moreover, with the building of transmission towers across each nation, it safe to say that if people who live within a average proximity of an urban area, those people will be more closer to the wireless Internet tower. The wireless Internet broadband service allows rural Web surfers a certain way to get into the high speed telecommunications without requiring to lay down the fiber or reconfiguring in the public switched telephone network system according to the updated digital subscribe line (DSL) sta ndards. Thus, sending communications to a much smaller town in certain area which lacks of cable infrastructure or merely seeking to dodge the slow speed and sometimes complicate the plans associated with digital subscribe line (DSL), wireless Internet is just a beautiful method to boost your surfing time. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router will be more as it is more expensive compared to the hub, bridge switch. The router has more bandwidth when it is interconnected with many buildings or when it is doing some updating.The router must have a larger latency during the time when there are a lot of packets to be sorted. With the help of wireless Internet service, there still the problem of someone with bad intention, inside within the wireless traffic, hacking to get into your own connection from a distance away and its done by a person known as a hacker. So, you will need to make sure that youre using the wireless security to make sure all the private information in it is kept safe from other stranger viewers such as hacker. There are many available firewalls which work and perform task better enough for this specific purpose or you can just go look into by using the network system which is able to create a password protected connections. Verizon wireless and Sprint wireless are two out of many popular wireless companies in the business of today. Verizon wireless offers several different kinds of wireless devices which are often used by customer. Hand phones and wireless broadband Internet are also very popular services that they currently offering. Not only that they also provide service for personal digital assistant (PDA) and wireless personal computer (PC) cards. Wireless technology can appear in many different kind of various forms as well. You will be able to find wireless speakers for the stereo system also, wireless headphones for communicating, wireless receivers and transmitters and even microphones to talk over the net. You can also find wireless computer mouse, wireless keyboards, satellite television (TV), cordless telephones and even the garage door controller without manually doing it. In the next coming generation will probably bring us to a world filled with many kind of wireless technology devices. H ard wired devices will in the end up as being a device or a thing from the past generation, once wireless technology will enlarge. As the wireless Internet technology improves, personal digital assistants (PDA), blackberry devices, and other well known hand phones or personal computer (PC) hybrids will likely depend on it increasingly on non-fiber based transmissions. Thus by learning yourself for now about the current wireless Internet trends and developing initiatives, that you can knowingly position yourself as the earliest adopter of the next generation of Wi-Fi concerned technologies. Understanding what is what at its cutting edge of telecom tech development will also fill your overall investment portfolio. Bridge device has some similarity with a router, but it does not analyze the data that is being forwarded. Because of this, bridges are typically quicker at transferring data, than but not as versatile as a router. For example, the bridge cannot work as a firewall like most of the routers can in which show the disadvantages of the bridge compare to the router. A bridge is capable for transferring data between different protocols such as a Token Ring and Ethernet network. A router on the other hand are like traffic police, they examine each single packet of data, get the accurate destination address and forwards it thru the network to be sent to the right address. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control, but it work through many kind of different methods. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 which is referred as data-link layer while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 which is referred as network layer. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 is the protocol layer which will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes in the wide area network (WAN) or in between the nodes on similar local area network (LAN) segment. Data link layer also provides functional and procedural means to move the data between network entities and sometimes provide the means to spot and mostly correct errors that may happen in the Physical Layer. Data link layer is also related with local delivery of frames in between the device on similar local area network (LAN). Data link frames, as these protocol data units are used to be referred as, will not go over the limit of a local network. Inter-network routing and global addressing are bigger layer functions, allowing data link protocols to concentrate on local delivery, addressing, and media arbitration. By using this way, the data link layer is analogous to specific neighborhood traffic cop; it endeavors to arbitrate in between parties contending for gaining access to the medium. When a devices attempt to make use of a medium during the same time, frame collisions happen. Data link protocols specify how devices spot and heal from such collisions, but it will not stop it from occurring. Delivery of frames from layer 2 devices can affect the use of unambiguous hardware addresses. The frames header will contains source and location addresses that will show which device originated the frame and which device can be ignore to get and process it. In other word, the hierarchical and routable addresses from the network layer, layer two addresses are flat, meaning theres no part of the address that might be able to be used in order to find out the logical or physical group to which the address come from. The data link also provides data transfer moving across the physical link. That will be able to transfer many data link protocols which do not have acknowledgments of successful frame reception and acceptance, and certain amount of the data link protocols maybe will not even have any form of checksum to find or scan for the transmission errors. In this case, higher-level protocols will provide flow control, error finding, and acknowledgments and retransmission. Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3 is the network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending including routing thru intermediate hosts, where else the data link layer job is to do node-to-node frame sending on similar links. The network layer will also provides functional and procedural means of transferring changeable length data sequences from one source to one location host thru a single or multiple network while maintaining the standard of the service and error control functions. This difference the meaning of a bridge and a router where a bridge directs frames by following the hardware assigned media control access (MAC) addresses while a router makes its own decisions based on the arbitrarily assigned internet protocol (IP) Addresses. As a result of that, bridges are not bothered with and are not able to recognize networks while routers can capable of doing that. When designing or creating a network, one can choose to insert multiple segments into a single bridged network or to divide them into many different networks interconnected by using routers. If a host is physically transferred from the current network area to next network in a routed network, it has to obtain a new internet protocol (IP) address; if the system has been transferred within the bridged network, it doesnt have to be change or modified anything. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive than the price of a bridge and more complex to be set up or understand compared to a bridge. Secondly, router operates only at the first three-layers of the network while the bridge operates only at the first two layer of the network. Thirdly, is that router are not created to provide direct filtering compared to a bridge which does it. Fourthly, a router normally requires a longer amount of time which makes it time consuming in order for it to search for the routing table compared to searching for the filtering table which takes up lesser amount of time to be searched. Fifthly, a router is required to decapsulate and encapsulates the specific frame and modified the current physical addresses in the frame because the physical addresses in the arriving frame define the old node and the present router; both must be change to the physical addresses following the current router and the n ext hop. The bridge does not modify the current physical addresses. Changing addresses, and other fields, in the frame means causing a lot of unwanted overhead. 2a) Log ² 500=8.95 extras 1s=9 possible subnets: 29=512 mask: 9+8=/17 b) 232-17=215=32768 addresses for each subnet c) The first subnet: The first address is the starting address of the block. 16. 0. 0. 0 In order to find the last address, you need to write 32,767 (one lesser than the number of addresses in each subnet) in base 256 (0.0.127.255) and adding it with the first address (in base 256). First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.0.127. 255 Last address in subnet1:  16.0.127.255 d) The last subnet: Note that the subnet 500 will not be the last possible subnet; but it will be the last subnet used by the organization. In order to find the first address in subnet 500, you will need to add 16,351,232 (499 ÃÆ'- 32678) in base 256 (0. 249.128.0) into the first address in subnet First address in subnet 1:  16.0.0.0 Number of addresses:  0.249.128.0 First address in subnet 500: 16.249.128.0 Now you can be able to calculate the last address in subnet 500. First address in subnet 500:16.249.128.0 Number of addresses: 0.0.127.255 Last address in subnet 500: 16.249.255.255 Conclusion In conclusion, we learn that bridges and router has their own advantages over each other. For example, the bridge will not be distracted by any other device which will intercept the connection because it uses cable to connect to the network without moving thru the air. Another example is that the router is able to be connected by many other computers within a certain range in distance unlike bridge which is able to be used by a single connected computer only. There are consequences of replacing the bridge with the router is that the router will cost more than the price of the bridge. Abstract In telecommunication networks of today, the bridge is a device that enables us to connect to the local area network. The bridge examines or checks each message carefully on a local area network. In bridging networks of today, a node address have no accurate relationship to location where it is located. Bridging networks commonly are always interconnected local area networks. A bridge operates at the data-link level of a network by copying a data frame from another network to the next network. A bridge contains more overhead and lesser amount of repeater. The transparent bridge works by using two processes known as bridge forwarding and bridge learning. The advantages of bridging is that its self-configuring which doesnt require any skillful technically expertise. The disadvantages of bridging are that the scope of broadcast has no limit. The router is connected with at least two networks or more networks and it determine which way to send each packet. Routing will function by associa ting with the Network layer which is located in layer 3 where it is called the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The advantage of using a router is that the data can be travel between different networks. The disadvantages of a router is because of the cost of the router is more expensive than the hub. Bridging and routing are both method of performing data control. Bridging takes place at Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 2 while routing takes place at the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer 3. Protocol layer will transfer the data located between the adjacent network nodes and network layer job is to do end-to-end packet sending. The consequence which by replacing a bridge with a router is that the router will cost more expensive. Reference 1) Wikianswer What are the Advantages of routers over bridges[online]. Available from:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Advantages_of_routers_over_bridges 2) Wikipedia Bridging (networking)[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridging_(networking) 3) SearchSecurity What is bridge?[online]. Available from: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci211705,00.html 4) SearchNetworking What is router?[online]. Available from: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci212924,00.html 5) Mcgraw hill Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual Networks[online].Available from:http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/dl/free/0072967757/281778/SolStd15.pdf 6) Wapedia Wiki:Bridging(networking)[online]. Available   from:http://wapedia.mobi/en/Bridging_(networking) 7) eHow The Advantages of a Network Bridge[online]. Available from: http://www.ehow.com/list_6023005_advantages-network-bridge.html 8) blurtit What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using A Router?[online]. Available from: http://www.blurtit.com/q7578003.html 9) zimbio Advantages And Disadvantages For Wireless Internet[online]. Available from:http://www.zimbio.com/Keyword+Marketing/articles/5/Advantages+Disadvantages+Wireless+Internet 10) Wikipedia Network Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Layer 11) Wikipedia Data Link Layer[online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Link_Layer 12) (figure1.1) Available from:http://www.belindahaikes.com/VisualCultureandTechnology/VCT1998/68573-router-diagram.gif 13)(figure1.2) Available from:http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/03/16/graphics/Figure4_2.jpg

Lynchings In America Essay -- essays research papers

Recently, an L.A. Times article (dated 2/13/00) reviewed a new book entitled "Without Sanctuary", a collection of photographs from lynchings throughout America. During the course of the article, the author, Benjamin Schwarz, outlined some very interesting and disturbing facts related to this gruesome act of violence: Between 1882 and 1930, more than 3,000 people were lynched in the U.S., with approximately 80% of them taking place in the South. Though most people think only African Americans were victims of lynchings, during those years, about 25% were white. Data indicates that mobs in the West lynched 447 whites and 38 blacks; in the Midwest there were 181 white victims and 79 black; and in the South, people lynched 291 whites and 2,462 African Americans. Though most people believe lynchings were just the manifestation of racial hatred, the author indicates that 20% of Southern lynching victims were killed by mobs of their own race. In addition, other societies such as An cient Rome and Greece, Germany, China, Nigeria, and East Africa lynched their own. It is for this reason that Mr. Schwarz believes lynchings cannot be explained only in terms of racism and paranoid "white psyche". To find the true reason, we must consider a different point of view. According to Mr. Schwarz, in the late 19th century, there arose in the South a large proportion of transient black men who, as their labor became expendable in an increasingly industrial and commercial econo...