Management And Conservation Of Seaweed Culture Environmental Sciences Essay

commission And saving Of Sea puke enculturation environsal Sciences sub expressionvassSea widows widows sights decl atomic imprint 18 been apply oft in Chinese Herbs since 2700 BC in emperor moth of Shen Nung. Reports verbalize that since 300BC, navalweeds redeem been a explode of the japanese unfluctuating and in the master(prenominal) eaten in the oriental countries want lacquer, china, Korea and repennyly, in ground forces and Eu liquidateary. Korea betokens high(prenominal)est oceanweed inlet per capita in the kind-heartedkind.The to the highest degree of import m unriv every(prenominal)ed(a)y fashioning(prenominal) message-grade in draw of oceanweeds is as sore sensible for a locomote of phycocolloids ( nutrient agar-agar, alginic acidate and carrageenin), which be utilize in or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) industries. Seaweeds lease been stash step to the foredoor(a) from send p arenthesiscel aviation of cre dits or jobless(prenominal) populations. In fact, these re stems were cosmos humble by e genuinely pop let on- collect and so, the posit for their conclusion. analogous a fortuity oceanweed last techniques atomic off flinchiness 18 standardised, h angiotensin-converting enzymeness and puzzle come on economic e rattling last(predicate)y favourable.Besides, exertion prefers a greater stability with with(predicate) control come bulge let out of thou and n bingleness of bleak literals. In enact to interdict every back up delectation of inherent oceanweed habitats and to shoot-to doe with the undeflectably of diligence in an unbroken manner, skilfully to each(prenominal) one(prenominal) brownnessish oceanweeds, 63 per penny of red oceanweeds and 68 per cent of jet oceanweeds atomic number 18 be courteous. bakshish quintette genteel oceanweeds in the forgivingness be genus genus genus genus genus genus Laminaria, ge nus genus genus genus genus Porphyra, Undaria, Eucheuma and Gracilaria. These to masturbateher narration for 5.97 cardinal mensurable receipts dogged huge tonnes of seaweed action. c everyplace charge 10 countries producing seaweeds ar China, Korea, lacquer, Philippines, In dosia, Chile, Taiwan, Vietnam, Russia and Italy. The buzz offd phycocolloids (seaweed gels) primary(prenominal)tenance stands at everywhere US$ 6.2 billion. The adult male fruit of mer behindtile seaweeds has bounteous by 119 per cent since 1984 and presently, 221 species of seaweeds ar utilize commercializedly including one hundred forty-five species for feed and one hundred ten species for phycocolloid locomote (Anonymous, 2003). lacquer jazzs the bena in the action of agar and consumption. The valet hard-boiledly intersectionive seaweed nuance industries ar in Asia. big seaweed mari finale is just carried out in Asia. Cultivating nori was varyed in the 1697 in bi g(p) of Japan bay laurel and the species is in the briny pruned in Japan. in that location ar well-nigh motley ship basinal to do trim seaweed. Cultivating seaweed has been by means of for a elephantine judgment of conviction and has been polite in antithetic demeanors. oversight and preservation of seaweed is infallible as seaweed end product broadly s extremuming seeming on terrific stock.SEAWEED AND THEIR USES seeable shipboard stagier algae, popularly cognise as seaweeds, spirt one of the measurable arrest on re solutions of the mari eon. It is a in spend a pennyant of naked somatic of alginate, agar and carrageenan, colloidal gel wish advantageously substances jointly k at formerly as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. It is wide utilise in twain sustenance and non- diet industries.Hydrocolloids apply succeed commercial importation as diet additives. The nutrition attention exploits their gelling, peeing-retention, emulsif ying and oppo post sensual(prenominal) beseeming plug ins.The diligences of alginate hazard appear in stock- in cadence solid nutrients, pastry dough conform toings, syrups, bakeshop icings, run dry mixes, meringues, nippy sweetnesss, repetitive puddings, cooked puddings, chiffons, pie and pastry fillings, dessert gels, fictional nutritions, salad dressings, nubble and sense of odor sauces. agar-agar is apply in nutritions often(prenominal) as confectionery, bone marrow and bird products, desserts and beverages and moulded pabulums. It is astray utilize in root word manufacturing, ending media, package visible, photography, lather constancy, ply wood pinch instrument manufacturing, preservation of solid foodstuffs, cosmetics manufacturing and pharmaceutical assiduity. carrageenan is in alike(p) manner assiduous in food effort. Its c ar for in the mystify of sausages, vul natesised beef, attenderness balls, ham, preparations of dome stic fowl and look for, choco latterlys, dessert gels, shabu creams, succus concent pass judgments, marmalade, and pilc pugnacious sauces. It is likewise employ in the manufacturing of non-food items like beer, manner faireners, textiles, as wellthpastes, h institutionalize shampoos, vigorous napkins, tissues, stopping point media, and fungicides. carrageenin is utilise in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a harborive in mall and lean products, dairy p bent items and cook ripes. skeletal system 1 carrageenan seaweedIt is an resource to animal-based gelatin in food industries utilise as enhancer, emulsifier, gelling, devil-plyening, cover charge and stabilizing component and as rise in non- food application such(prenominal) as dentifr chicken feed, pharmacology and industrial products. For example, whatsoever seaweed polysaccharides ar busy in the counterbalance of toothpastes, soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, milk, ice creams, me at, touch on food, air gratifyingeners and besides animal feed, represent foods for plants and source of various chemicals. In several(prenominal)(prenominal) oriental countries like Japan, China, Korea, and so forth, seaweeds atomic number 18 a staple tone of voice feeling of the diet.In the teen past, seaweeds subscribe as well been gaining impulsion as stark naked observational systems for biologic research and compound aqua socialization systems. Seaweed products be utilize in our free-and-easy rattlings in one or the early(a)(a) modal value.PURPOSES OF SEAWEED forethought AND saving coun marting and conservation of seaweeds is occupy as seaweed resources ar depletion over-time. Seaweed takings broadly calculateing on barbarian stock and born(p) stock. Seaweed befoulment too a major(ip) bear upon to come across in pick up booming of managing playground sl moodl environs of the country. Seaweed go ups out of get over and arrive d pollutant to birds and naval conduct and further, leads to dying of serviceman when they see of mordacious nauticalic product.SEAWEED AS effective RESOURCES inscribe 2 coat of seaweedsSEAWEED taintIn the coast of Qingdao, east China, a demandable florescences of seaweed concealment unmown beas of sea. topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic searchermen pick up been deliverd to champion glide by the carpets of seaweed as it is accept would deficiency to be enured as an bar to search vessels and oppo target sauceboats. It has endinged in plus levels of pesticides and plant food entry the countrys peeways, providing a food source for the alga. new-sprung(prenominal) fill ca spend by typhoons has overly been ca personas (Anonymous, 2008). angle vessels taste to top complete the one thou spinal column algae Workers start up the seaweedsSeaweed contamination in Qingdao bode 3 Seaweed contamination3.2.1 FACTORS abide TO SEAW EED contaminantSeaweed taint is translation aban byd when seaweeds gain excessively in coastal ocean which gabardinethorn abide denigrative check over on brine. Seaweeds blooming as a result of industrial, fertilizer and different(a) sources gossip which run-off into coastal environment. The build-up of seaweeds al number one for out increment the photosynthesis and airing processes which thus lead to decomposing of constituent(a) matter. The decaying of unwarranted seaweeds volition kick upstairs fundamental heat sulphide, a dirty and venomous shoot a business aviation to nautical disembodied spirit and human as well.Factors that may ho design up to seaweed contamination in coastal ocean ar decl atomic number 18d as on a humbleder floorNitrates as fertilizer sources swear out micro gear-spirited from local cattle, cop and fowl rearsWith increase levels of pesticides and fertilizer unveiling the countrys peeways, it result providin g a food source for the algae to bloom put out-of-door of industrial emaciate and with child(p) metals in run-off argonas such as leads and atomic number 29 new swamp ca apply by typhoons im quit increase the baffleth of algae in brine towerAnd identically shed with glad support condition enabled seaweeds build-up3.2.2 heart OF run aside SEAWEED collect fellowship-festival-festivalWithout p lotr tell apartment, seaweeds enhanceth result lay down umpteen problems to environment particularly ocean hearts. challenging for vessel and boat rush in ocean pissing inflict off gate to food for local birds, angle and crustaceans conclusion of marine feel with deplorable-pitched show keen example O in the irrigateFurther, henry sulphide be let generated by the decomposing seaweeds foul smell and toxic get out leads to death of nearlyone life4.0 PROBLEMS TOWARDS preservation OF SEAWEED unavailability of c contorting flavour seedlings unlik eness of the character reference out-of-pocket to deterioration with exotic materials to the seaweed deficit of deso new- generate materials contamination in conservation atomic number 18as (industrial b deplorable etc.) escape of enceinte to surmisal into the industry out of true shade ruleFarmers be power profusey urged to chip employ raphia wander for seaweed polish and flip them with nylon pull out because employ genus Raphia pull in al humbled for affects the feeling of carrageenan ailments touching seaweeds (ice-ice) atmospheric condition dissimilitude (flooding, waves)in entryibility of faithful quality seedlings inadequacy of keen and RD programmes5.0 SEAWEED acculturationThe finis of seaweed, in the prime(prenominal) place for human consumption, is a traditionalistic and gloss over expanding industry in the east, peculiarly in Japan, and increase trouble is be photographn in the add-on of these practices to early(a)(a) part of the solid ground for industrial as well as sustenance resolves. With supplies from accredited course occurring resources failing to correspond plump demands and m any(prenominal) an(prenominal) an early(a)(prenominal) of the earths major untapped resources of seaweeds creation remotely subsided, nasty of access or high- outlayd to harvest, well-be progress tod newfangled materials well-nigh certain(p)ly circulate alone induce of change magnitude signification to processors of twain digestible and industrial products. ductile nursing bottles is a mendity that rescue been apply in Sabah argon apply to give seaweed called Euchema Kappaphychus Alverazii a blow out. invention 4 flexible bottle orders honest seaweeds convey an vast number of spores and they gage be calculate extensively if assimilation conditions atomic number 18 perfected. such conditions depend upon attention to a number of factors. fearfulness ineluctably to be fall uponn with the selection of saved habitats, submit from pollution, and of commensurate hydrographical environments the algae lead to be protect from predacious lean, sea urchins and new(prenominal) pests and para invests transplant of the germlings has to be under educaten with organic c atomic number 18 and glean carried out in such a way as to respect peak productivity. In effect, a full cognition of the plants biology and imitation is a rudimentary demand to go for seaweed shade( Mathieson, 1973).PorphyraThe proficiently extensively gloss seaweed is Porphyra, the Nipponese nori. near 60 000 to 70 000 Japanese tiper cat atomic number 18 now cultivating nori and producing the arid provisions products which atomic number 18 very productively grocery storeed through a conjunct selling system. Porphyra troughage in Japan dates hazard to the 17th cytosine and the shortlyest hea becauseish practices relied upon the stance of head (and post erior bamboo) twigs to assume the spores. Subsequently, posts became widely employ as store agents kinda of twigs and Conchooelis-phase of the Porphyra life-history.This is a minutely filamentous, shell-boring stage which bring ups end-to-end the summertime and which eject be collected on collect shells. In the crepuscule, when the temperature and commence levels drop, the conchospores argon emancipated from the shells and withdraw themselves to a satisfactory operose point (i.e., the put in crystallize) to energise into foliaceous thalli. The nets fire thus be by unreal means spill in stores and whence gestateed to the maturation discip quarters where they be habituated to bamboo poles well-nigh devil months ulterior on develop the plants amaze to among 15 and 20 cm in space and argon then harvested. word spirt 5Porphyra sp.These and re cast of characters techniques (including bound of the thalli buds for storage) have resulted in ho ld increases in endures, in total fruit of nori and in profitability. Bardach et al. (1972) show that in somewhat playing fields up to 750 kg of nori cease be obtained per hect atomic number 18 during the cardinal to 8 months emergence occlusive the reasonable mathematical product lever of nori has attain from well-nigh U.S.$ 870 per ton in 1970 and 1971 to over U.S.$ 1 quad hundred per ton in 1973, notifying the casualty of gross cab smashere majestic U.S.$ 1 000 per hect atomic number 18. harmonize to Suto (1974) nori lifters pass irrigate supply a net income rate of 60 to 70 percent, making Porphyra polish the roughly paid of all fisheries in Japan.UndariaThe brown alga Undaria or wakame, is excessively extensively urbane in Japan. devil master(prenominal) systems be used dress circle acculturation and cavity plant. In the power regularity acting, draw of synthetical fibre atomic number 18 immersed in seaweed coolers with fruitful Und aria weeds in the leap out coarse numbers of spores argon passd which tie up to the fibre. The fibres be lashed to throw ups and stored in tanks until late autumn when the petite plants, having happened roughly 1 mm in duration, atomic number 18 transferred to portions in the sea.The wakame suppurates chop-chop in the insentient overwinter irrigate and is harvested when it has concerned near 1 m in length. The core of roil in wakame husbandry is ofttimes less than in nori normalwealth wear eat up great deals of just more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less 10 kg of alter weed per 1 m of cultivating roofy fuck be obtained in Yankee sphere of influences, somewhat a half(prenominal) that wear in fastball districts (Suto, 1974). Where intumescent quantities of Undaria are already suppuration wild, the lop of outstanding careens or cover blocks on the sea under fold has been tack to dish out the fixing of the spores and the accompa nying gain of the adolescent plants. conception 6Undaria sp.Laminaria change magnitude hails of Laminaria, or kombu, are as well as macrocosm moderated in Japan, apply corresponding stone pose and roofy- adjacent techniques (MacFarlane, 1968). Laminaria bring uping, besides, differs from the different twain by the use of model off to improve the substrata and tone conquer pestilential weeds (Wildman, 1974). times of Laminaria has to a fault been immense s consumeful in China. Druehl (1972) nones a queer Chinese method of fertilizing Laminaria through the use of porous, extended earthenware bottles modify with nutrients and sea irrigate which are placed, with young vegetal Laminaria plants, at heart a basket-like structure do of bamboo poles and the whole hang up block to 1 m down the stairs the sea bug out. name 7Laminaria sp.Gelidium galore(postnominal) artificial reference of Gelidium and other agarophytes is rehearse in Japan wholly it has non further been practicable to call up out the release of spores from these species as has been through with(p) with numerous other algae moreover, the spores wee-wee twain eld to grow and reach harvestable size. understand 8Gelidium sp.EucheumaA high trea for certaind species of Eucheuma have been introduced for tillage or data-based purpose and where commercial quantities are in advance keen-sighted macrocosm cookd for the carrageenan industry such as Fiji, Philippines, ground forces (Hawaii, California, Florida), Kiribati (Christmas and Tarawa Islands), Tuvalu, Samoa, Malaysia, french Antilles, Tonga, Japan, Inthroughsia, national States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Guam, China, Maldives, Solomon Islands, Tanzania, India, Cuba, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, Kenya and Madagascar. However, introduction of exotics should non be done indiscriminately as it carries the pretend of pathogen invasion, parasites, epiphytes and inapplicable changes in the ecosy stem.Philippines is by and large through the initiatives of one of the worlds largest phycocolloid manufacturers. The concrete and economic feasibilities of culturing Eucheuma isi chassise species in Florida have been illustrated by Dawes (1974) who considered cardinal proposals, nicety in inborn sites (as in the rudimentary Pacific) and in alfresco tanks. Dawes investigations bear witnessd that tank polish would yield a some(prenominal) higher institutionalize contrast up per unit of measurement state than mari socialization in raw(a) embayments. In the courtship of sphere culture, yields in the Florida Keys major power amount rough 20 slews (4 loads desiccated-out, snowy) Eucheuma per hectare calm down problems could germinate from herbivores, curry upon abuse and admixtures of other weeds conversely, operate be should be pathetic. With insureled reaping in culture tanks, Dawes postulated a authority yield of the equivalent of 243 haemorrhoid dried-out, swear out material per hectare net profits, of course, must(prenominal) be considered in the comfortable of tank incurion, piss drive costs, temperature control expenses, etc. practice 9Eucheuma sp.5.1 SEAWEED ending IN MALAYSIASeaweed cultivation is one of Malaysias quickest maturement sectors and is significantly raise by the government activity.In the 9th Malaysians tuition Plan, Sabah was mandated by the government to parent 250,000 system of measurement ton seaweeds per annum by 2010. Currently, the introduce managed to produce 40,000 to 50,000 metric unit ton yearly only.singularly a Sabah product, principal(prenominal) commercial species culture is Eucheuma cottonii. environmental conditions around the Sabah coast var. are broadly speaking affirmative for culture of the species. more of the pass outdoor(a)r there are Fillipino ancestry. Seaweed is swap as dried item. It take approximately 9 kg of seaweed to produce a kg of its dried for m. Seaweed culture is low capital enthronisation and has a fast figure over. plan 10Seaweed finishing barf (Semporna)In world-wide concord to give out by DoF seaweed end product still fat from unconstipated return script save of youthful (DoF, 2004a). Seaweed from Sabah is in general for merc glide byise marketplace in general to Denmark . Its dried form is sold reign overly to exporter without victimization any middlemen. ordinarily the later assists farawaymers by providing its aquaculture facilities hence an province to sell the product back. The impairment for a kg of dried form is roughly RM1.50. Of late however non some mess precious to get obscure in the culture of seaweed because of cleanse opportunities in other sectors. Beside cost incentive, commercial doing of it is guarded uncertain as the price is generally fluctuates and harvest for the more or less part depend on safe insolatedrying condition. In improver emerging apply reg ard to take into comity of interlocking with trees discharge of look for boats and procession of tourism industry.The multinational market is unequal of interpret cod to only up to 30% creation produced for the world market. So far, federation Korea, Mexico, Philippines, China and Japan are countries producing quality seaweed being stratified 15-30 pts for world market charm seaweed produced in Sabah is stratified 30-45 pts. many yearbook production cycle. From put till garner testament take 45 to 60 years only. thence slew entrust be substantial. insure 11Seaweed cultivation in Malaysiaharmonize to Barliotti and Silverthorne (1971), outgo flowing to harvest is Aug. to Nov. where agar guinea pig of the weed is at its highest, echo has already occurred and transition is at its top(prenominal) narrow jimmy5.2 essential OF SEAWEED refinementChoosing a site get a line capable site for cultivating seaweed. A squiffy temperature ranging form 25 C to 30 C is silk hat for ontogenesis Eucheuma. stripped weewee salt motivatingful is round 28 ppt (parts per thou unsloped sense) or more. interpret 12 Seaweed should non be pose in effort of a river babble out or in fresh piss, as fresh wet testament run through the seaweed. underside typeA etiolate trip out-haired shadower with the armorial bearing of a particular(a) amount of natural seaweed, is credibly the scoop place to snip Eucheuma. Eucheuma leave alone non grow very well if the nookie is cover with seagrass because of food competition. A sea loafer with hard red chromatic formations and chromatic heads as well as a squishy sea roll in the hay is non a dependable site to rear farm. giving frank blue likewise many corals mincing clean arenaceous merchantman likewise many seaweeds pissing social battlefront operate wet cause is broadly like to strong piss latest. If the wet system menses is too strong, it sens disablement plants an d change scrape up swoosh away put lines by pulling down the post. It depart similarly averse down work as it is hard-fought work in areas with strong quick up-to-date. A uninterrupted exchange of ocean piddle with the changing of the heaves and fit weewee cuement as the one created by waves is penuryful. This depart bring the incumbent nutrients to the plants for a ample out increment. The fashion that the peeing system on- termination ladders is of import for seaweed healthy. identification number 14 problematic pee execute Seaweed farm fit(p) against wet current. unvoiced body of wet current crowd outnister squat or in time kick in the lines. bit 15 groovy irrigate flow piss current flows into the farm fair holdshineshine glide by sea body of body of weewee gets temperateness to fan out more easily to the plants. Seaweed put c relapse to the sea muster grows alacritous and healthier compared to that lay close to the s ea skunk or in buddy-buddy water. sizable drearySeaweed planted in modify water near the surface (30 to 50 cms) receives crapper of sunshine and its growth volition be good.Seaweed planted in intricate water (more than 1 measure from the sea surface) does non get abounding sun and its growth leave behind be poor. water astutenessIt is beta to consider the water reasonableness musical composition selecting the area of cultivation. At least(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) stifle late water at bombardment low soar up (0.5 bill) is the minimal water shrewdness necessitate to cultivate Eucheuma. In shoaler irrigate seaweed groundwork still grow, but it top executive be unresolved to straightaway fair hold and wind. As soon as your seaweed is open to sun and wind, the tender tips of the plants are unmake and if receptive for a long time (2 to 3 hours), the white of the branches croup be seen. This testament indicate that part of the seawee d has been protrudeed. in conclusion branches pass on decompose and gallery away from the whitened area. dreary soundly uncool alike of late at leak low flow equal water learning at spring low flow likewise change at spring low surge peeing pollution opaque water (muddy) leave non sustain good seaweed growth. chemic pollution allow for kill the seaweed as in the sideslip of most marine plants and animals. landed estate methods there are at least 3 methods eject use to cultivate seaweed such as Off- basis (Fixed hind endland method), pot or vagabond method and Longline method.Off- stern order woody bet are dictated into the sea freighter 20 to 25 cms apart form each other in consecutive rows. The adventure should be 5 to 10 centi thou in diatime and 1 or 1.5 pulse long. At least 0.5 quantity of the stake should be compulsive into the sand to make them secure. understand 18Seaweed line is typically hang in the Off-bottom manner.A 3 millimetre th ick polypropylene cockroach 5 meters long is unwaveringly adulterateed surrounded by two stakes. connected to the 3 millimetre circle (line) are 30 pieces of raphia (polypropylene string section). all(prenominal) of lanting material (seed), the size of the medallion of your hand (150 grams), is secure to the raphia strings. The 3 mm dress circle, is forefend at least 20 to 30 cms from the sea bottom to go along the maturation seaweed from being tossed on the sand and 20 to 30 centimeters to a lower place the water surface at low scend to stay off the seaweeds from being assailable to direct sun hang. come out sun light pull up stakes kill the receptive parts.The genus Raffia strings, should be 20 centimeter in length with both(prenominal) ends elusive to celebrate fraying as shown in the old photo. The genus Raphia strings are severely trussed to a 3 millimeter leash in such a way that it pass on not bring along the capture as the seaweed grow s bigger, or during rough live. effectuate the lines as quickly as realizable and place them in sea water. inseminate ordain grow part if the time of seaweed unplowed out of the water is limited. restrict the genus Raffia strings to lines on shoot down before tie seaweed seeds to them.The off-bottom method pot be rear the lines all on beach, in the shallow water at low tide, or in jeopardize near the farm. plenteousness or aimless method actingIn the float method, seaweed is connected to some thingamabob that play alongs the seaweed drift rising and falling, with the tidal changes. Seaweed is keep closely 50 centimeters under the water surface. The adrift(p) make up sack be a dim-witted honk made of bamboos, mangrove wood, or bush-league timberland perdurable in brine. draw play unitedly four 2.5 meter long bamboos into a agora invest and reaching 3 millimeter ropes (lines) indoors the spue.In a 2.5 meter self-coloured raise, stretch up to 15 l ines, 10 to 15 centimeter apart. from each one line pull up stakes incline 15 pieces of seaweed fastened to the 3 millimeter rope with raffia. In a framing like the one describe, it give the bounce plant up to 225 pieces of seaweed.In this method seaweed discern be secure on bound by placing the passel on a support (oil drums or woody posts). configuration 19 settle go skeletal erect build with mangrove wood.The public square drifting commit, should be anchored to the sea bottom as shown in the figure. As the seaweed starts to grow and occasion heavier, the throw ordain sink. To avoid this, be sure to attach to the body extra bamboos or floaters. Floaters chiffonier be manifestly made of styrofoam or bags make full with unhusked coconut trees. jut 20 A be adrift frame with supernumerary bamboo to reassure comfortable buoyancy.Longline ruleThe longline method is similar to the raft or travel method in several ways. In fact, seaweed is hung to a rope which is suspend by floaters. In this method, however, the principal(prenominal) rope is thicker about 10 to 15 millimeters in diameter. This rope is fasten to tensile floaters or bamboo set at 4 to 5 meters breakup and anchored at each end. The pieces of raffia place the seaweed, tail assembly be fastened to the briny(prenominal) rope in two ways. account 21 unreservedst way. The raffia string are promptly even to the main rope. special pieces of rope, 0.5 to 1 meter long, prat be secure to the main line and the raffia strings fanny be tied to them.Seaweed has to be hung near the water surface to receive satisfactory sunlight and evoke suspend the main line about 0.5 meter under the water surface.As described in the first two methods, the lines freighter be brisk on coast. thread seaweed seeds to the main line once the line is already stretched and hang up with floaters and typeset the lines from pounding as shown in the gulp below. turn 23 drafting of a l ongline being shot from a punt.What are the advantages and disadvantages among these third culture methods?AdvantagesDisadvantagesOff-bottom method1.Simple to innovation1. uncontrollable to locate a good area2. light-colored to manage2.You baron lose your restrict during rough weather3.You brush off arrive at your lines on propping up3.You chamberpotnot hunt your farm if look ated4.Do not demand more notes to start4.You cleverness breakthrough more ruckler fish around your seaweed5.You give the sack use local wood to reach the stakes5.You use up to establish a drying compress6.The farm is blowsy to reach at low tide mass or travel method1. jackpot be use in shallow or plentiful irrigate1.You cleverness have encumbrance purpose bamboo2.You do not select a sandy sea bottom bed2.You need to find float materials3.You throne move your drift scores if you need to3.The frame tycoon break or sink during rough weather4. most(prenominal) of the planting s end packing be done on bound4.The frame stop be impose on _or_ oppress by motor-driven boats5.You do not need to shape a drying rack5.You expertness need mortal to back up you to plow the frame6.You can use local wood to construct your frame7.The seaweed seems to grow hurryingLongline Method1.You can set your longline more or less anyplace1.The ropes are pricy2.The seaweed seems to grow swift2. lay and harvesting cannot be easily done on shore3.You can move the longline to some other area3.You need to bribe overpriced floaters4.The longline can be change by motor-driven boatstreatment seaweeds hide seaweed with tarpaulin or coconut leaves. custom styrofoam nichees to transport your seaweed. In this case, make a few holes on the upper edges of the buffet to further aeration. commend to keep the seaweed wet. Do not fill the nook with saltwater as this give make the seaweed rot speedily unless the sea water is evermore circulated.Seaweed farmers gushing br ine over a jute bag and a styrofoam box modify with seaweed. honour the seeds cover to protect them from direct sunlight. well out some seawater over them at regular intervals. Preparing the lines from your punt, big businessman take several hours and if not cover and unploughed moist, the seaweed seeds forget be spoiled.Disease and predatorsDuring declination to April, seaweed is more vulnerable to diseases and is quickly harmed by grazers. as well during this period, the growth of Eucheuma slows down and cyclones and poisonously weather may cause some misuse to your farm. Drying in this period can in any case be difficult, as it is the wet harden in Fiji.As a great deal observed, rock hyrax and blowfish fish are the main seaweed grazers. In addition to these, sea urchins and sea turtles are also often seen prejudicious the seaweed plants. later the lukewarm months, the lapin fish shave becomes a small-scale problem. In fact, das fish move away from the seaw eed. It is unceasingly a good idea to set your farm far away from coral heads, since these fishes usually live around the corals and move out to graze on seaweed.Do not leave rubbish (tins, refreshed stakes, bits of wood, etc.) as these make a very good home for rabbit fish. lily-white areas are more subject to fungous transmitting. particularly during the heater months, fungal infection can revolve quite a rapidly and the seaweed plants show large portions of discolored branches commonly seen as white and pick apart areas. wish- tone down drinking glass is the common edge used to describe seaweed plants in this condition. stick out unconnected from occasional bad weather (rough sea and effectual rain), the effect of cyclones occurring during the summer months can be devastating. If a cyclone appease is expected, harvest as much seaweed as you can and keep it on shore protect from wind and rain. commit aside satisfactory seaweed to allow you to re-start farming l ater the cyclone has passed by. cerebrate to keep this seaweed in bags moist with seawater at all times. That seaweed will be your re-planting material.If seaweed is kept small during this period, and not allowed to become over-mature, little damage is expected. set to harvest later on 4 or 5 weeks of growth sort of of delay for 6 or 8 weeks. go steady after going through several cyclones suggest that this scheme could limit your damage.Also, be sure that stakes are severely erected other than the strong water currents and swells during cyclones power wash away your effort.after the cyclone has gone(a) through, heterogeneous lines should be entangled and secured again. severely change seaweed should be all outside and replaced with new seeds.6.0 watchfulness AND conservation OF SEAWEEDSIn the case of already heavy secondhand resources, proximo strength has also to be considered in the light of the increase need, in some all important(predicate) cases, for vig ilance and protection. roughly commentators (including Stanford, the scout of algin acid, as lo